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Artistic Representation of Women and Music in Medieval India
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
78-82
Received:
11 June 2022
Accepted:
24 June 2022
Published:
5 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.11
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Abstract: An Artistic styles with a musical flavour, particularly miniature paintings, become tuneful and delightful to look at. A beautiful visual representation of the feminine essence is offered by these artistic musical themes if the concept of women is conveyed in them. Originally regarded by musicians and poets as divine or human representations of Indian musical modes, ragini paintings are a visual expression of those modes. Five, seven, or twelve musical modes are commonly used to portray the various moods depicted in episodic paintings in music. Ragas are the musical creations. Ragamala, or garland of tunes, has six groups of six Ragas, each with a representative man (Raga) and six ladies that are widely used to arrange the Ragas (Raginis). Ragas can be specialized and illustrated in a variety of ways. 'Shakal' refers to a wide range of Ragas in the musical tradition. Indian miniature paintings depict Ragas as melodic forms that relate with the artistic feminine spirit and promote creative activity through the use of Ragamala paintings. The application of certain sets and symbols is an important component of Indian music. They typically depict sensual or spiritual moments in aristocratic settings. The miniature paintings of women as Raginis are full of emotion and splendour. They depict various aspects of feminine life and create beautiful pictures of immense emotions, the spring period, the driving energies of the monsoon, the talents of artists, the reasonable disposition, and knowledge.
Abstract: An Artistic styles with a musical flavour, particularly miniature paintings, become tuneful and delightful to look at. A beautiful visual representation of the feminine essence is offered by these artistic musical themes if the concept of women is conveyed in them. Originally regarded by musicians and poets as divine or human representations of Ind...
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Legal Bases and Development of Handicrafts in Uzbekistan in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Jannat Khamidovna Ismailova
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
83-87
Received:
30 April 2022
Accepted:
14 June 2022
Published:
26 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.12
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Abstract: The history of handicrafts in Uzbekistan began to develop since ancient times. Over the centuries, various crafts have appeared and developed on this territory. The system of work of a master craftsman was initially built on a generalized basis. Later, artisans united in a special kind of activity, and the order of work of craftsmen was improved. The analysis of scientific sources studied on the basis of the study confirms that the masters used it as a legal document in the process of work. This article examines specific aspects of the history of handicrafts in Uzbekistan. The article also analyzes the legal aspects of the development of the activities of craft associations. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the style of work of craftsmen in the XIX-XX centuries, the importance of handicrafts, it is necessary to study and analyze the coverage of handicraft issues in the sources of that period. And then the comparison of these analyzes with the legal basis of handicrafts in the world gives a positive result in a full study of the subject. Unfortunately, the process of translating and scientifically circulating sources in Arabic, Persian and Chinese, created in the 9th-18th centuries, is slow. Due to the lack of specialists in this field and the difficulty of translating scientific works, the lack of scientific research in this area compared to other topics limits the possibility of in-depth analysis of the craft over time. The article analyzes the legal basis and development of handicrafts on the basis of available sources. In fact, this is a problem at the level of scientific research. Reading these sources, in a historical sequence, comparatively increases the chances of finding a solution to this problem.
Abstract: The history of handicrafts in Uzbekistan began to develop since ancient times. Over the centuries, various crafts have appeared and developed on this territory. The system of work of a master craftsman was initially built on a generalized basis. Later, artisans united in a special kind of activity, and the order of work of craftsmen was improved. T...
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Agricultural Migration and Socio-environmental Recomposition in the Ivorian Cavally: Case-Study of the Department of Bloléquin: 1980-2000
Achille Caesar Vah,
Lekpea Alexis Dea
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
88-94
Received:
20 May 2022
Accepted:
6 July 2022
Published:
26 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.13
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Abstract: The Cavally region, located in the west of Côte d’Ivoire, is a space strongly marked by the migratory phenomenon. Since the 1980s to the present day, this region has received migrants from neighboring countries of Côte d'Ivoire and foreigners in search of arable and available lands for the development of agricultural activity. In the area of Bloléquin, one of the departments of this region, the migrants are almost made up of autochthonous Dan people and Burkinabés. The strong presence of these foreigners is not without consequences on social organization and environmental evolution. This article therefore plans to question History on the process of installation of Dans and Burkinabe migrants in the department of Bloléquin and the impact of their presence on society and the environment. Examination of the existing literature as well as oral surveys made it possible to obtain the required information. It emerges from the analysis that the labor migrations of the Dan and Burkinabé peoples in the department of Bloléquin not only led to the proliferation and emergence of strong agricultural colonies, have also changed the local economy and impacted the social environment.
Abstract: The Cavally region, located in the west of Côte d’Ivoire, is a space strongly marked by the migratory phenomenon. Since the 1980s to the present day, this region has received migrants from neighboring countries of Côte d'Ivoire and foreigners in search of arable and available lands for the development of agricultural activity. In the area of Bloléq...
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Geohistory of the Senegal River Bar in Atlantic Time
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
95-101
Received:
25 June 2022
Accepted:
26 July 2022
Published:
4 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.14
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Abstract: The problem of the bar in relation to the accessibility of Saint-Louis of Senegal does not date from today. Its acuteness at the apogee of the Atlantic trade is linked to the river-sea axis allowing the contact between the colonial establishment and its European metropolis, condition sine qua non of the trade with the Senegambian states. The mastery of the crossing of the bar, reputedly perilous, gave birth to the pilotage service, occupied by the riverside populations of Saint-Louis. The geohistorical approach, based on a sectoral analysis, will allow us to study the multiple dynamics, born of the perverse effect of the difficulties of the bar at the mouth of the river, in a large space, North Senegambia, at the time of the Atlantic trade. This study aims to clear the ground on an almost unknown area of Senegambian historiography. It is true that works in geography and history deal respectively with all natural phenomena and historical facts. But these works were carried out without a direct connection between these two disciplines of the social sciences. The desire to broaden the perspective of the analysis of geographical phenomena and historical events has led us to adopt a geohistorical approach that Segambian historiography seems to neglect.
Abstract: The problem of the bar in relation to the accessibility of Saint-Louis of Senegal does not date from today. Its acuteness at the apogee of the Atlantic trade is linked to the river-sea axis allowing the contact between the colonial establishment and its European metropolis, condition sine qua non of the trade with the Senegambian states. The master...
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The Failure of Plantation Agriculture Transformation in Indonesia
Retno Winarni,
Nawiyanto,
Ratna Endang Widuatie
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
102-107
Received:
17 July 2022
Accepted:
1 August 2022
Published:
9 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.15
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Abstract: This article examines the existence of plantations in colonial and postcolonial Indonesia. It deals with the ways in which plantations operated in Java and the outer islands of Indonesia to show the existing fissures among the colonial plantations in different locations in the country. Deeply rooted in the colonial era, there has been a continuing debate especially on the impacts of plantations on the socio-economic conditions of the peasants and local communities. The growing number of regional studies on the colonial plantations generates an increasingly diverse historiographical views on the impacts of colonial plantations. Change in political regime from colonial to postcolonial government brought a new hope on plantations as a tool of achieving the people’s prosperity. The expectations grew stronger and led to the nationalization of the Dutch-owned plantation enterprises. The transfer of plantations to the state management during the early decade of the decolonization era, however, did not automatically transform them into an efficient and well-managed business entity. Instead of serving well as a tool of creating prosperity for the Indonesian people, the postcolonial plantations experienced a striking setback due to the growing incidents of conflicts over plantation lands. Not only the historically rooted plantations inherited from the Dutch, even the newly established plantations during the New Order era also failed to act as a tool of prosperity for all and became a source of inequality and impoverishment among the smallholders and local communities. There is an urgent need to renew the function of plantations not merely as the tool of the state and corporations to reap lucrative benefits for their own, but also as means of providing the opportunities and access of the people, especially, farming communities to enjoy prosperity under the independent state of Indonesia.
Abstract: This article examines the existence of plantations in colonial and postcolonial Indonesia. It deals with the ways in which plantations operated in Java and the outer islands of Indonesia to show the existing fissures among the colonial plantations in different locations in the country. Deeply rooted in the colonial era, there has been a continuing ...
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Municipal Orders of Saint-Louis of Senegal in the 18th Century: Administrative and Scientific Uses - The Example of the Blanchot Register
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
108-112
Received:
25 June 2022
Accepted:
17 August 2022
Published:
29 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.16
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Abstract: This reflection is part of a research workshop on the cross-use of archives as an object of study by the historian. The communication that was to necessarily ensue produced this text. This article starts from the administrative and scientific professions to examine an archive that we have decided to call: municipal ordinance. This document in the singular constitutes a collection of orders or instructions given by the commander of Senegal to the mayor of the city in the management of the colonial establishment. The first instruction manual retraces the procedure and the context of the production of the document for administrative use. The second user's guide reports on the contribution of the document that has become an archive to historiographical research. This archive, often cited in historiography, is questioned here. It depicts the relationship between a local administration made up of French people and a municipality made up of Senegalese (free blacks and mestizos) in the management of the city. One would be tempted to speak of an inclusive administration, that is to say advocating the direct participation of local inhabitants in the political affairs of the French establishment with the primordial role played by the mayor of the city. In fact, this would risk masking the reality insofar as this situation is obtained not because of the good bouoir of the French but rather after a long struggle of the Inhabitants of Saint-Louis of Senegal. This sociological and political reality structures the context of the archive that will be examined here.
Abstract: This reflection is part of a research workshop on the cross-use of archives as an object of study by the historian. The communication that was to necessarily ensue produced this text. This article starts from the administrative and scientific professions to examine an archive that we have decided to call: municipal ordinance. This document in the s...
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The Process of Establishing Universities in South Vietnam in 1955-1957
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
113-118
Received:
25 September 2022
Accepted:
17 October 2022
Published:
27 October 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.17
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Abstract: After the signing of the Genève Accords (1954), the higher education system established by the French in Indochina (mainly based in Hanoi) from the beginning of the 20th century was gradually moved to Saigon. After taking over the system from the French, in order to meet the demand for human resources to serve the regime and under the auspices of the United States, the government of the Republic of Vietnam had made lots of efforts to build a new higher education system in South Vietnam. In 1955-1957, this system (consisting of universities and post-secondary schools) was gradually formed in South Vietnam on the basis of reconstructing and restructuring most French higher education institutions established earlier. In the context of the transition to a new, more pragmatic higher education system following American model, the results were not much and the transition proceeded relatively slowly despite the aid and political manipulation from the US. Until before 1960, French influence to the higher education system of Republic of Vietnam still prevailed, leaving clear marks on the structure, organization and operation of universities in South Vietnam.
Abstract: After the signing of the Genève Accords (1954), the higher education system established by the French in Indochina (mainly based in Hanoi) from the beginning of the 20th century was gradually moved to Saigon. After taking over the system from the French, in order to meet the demand for human resources to serve the regime and under the auspices of t...
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The Notion of Reconquest According to the Catholic Kings of Spain and Éric Zemmour in France
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
119-127
Received:
24 October 2022
Accepted:
7 November 2022
Published:
22 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.18
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Abstract: The awareness of the unity of the territory and the desire to rediscover the Judeo-Christian culture of the Iberian Peninsula to ensure its protection and sustainability led the Catholic Monarchs in the 15th century to continue the work of “Reconquest” of the territories under Muslim domination since the invasion of 711. Later, in the 21st century, the notion of “Reconquest” also appears in the politician Éric Zemmour in France. From his political formation of the same name, he intends to bring together the French and those nostalgic for “old France” around traditional ideas to “save France from loss” and restore “its greatness”. This leads to studying “the notion of “Reconquest” according to the Catholic Kings of Spain and Éric Zemmour in France”. The objective of this analysis is to show that the concept of “Reconquest” used during these different periods was not used in the same ideological context. In short, this tends to show that Éric Zemmour is trying to make an outdated concept survive today because he thinks he finds a purely political interest in it. Through the analytical and comparative method, it will first be a question here of studying the notion of “Reconquest” in the 15th and 21st centuries and showing the similarities and differences of this word through these periods.
Abstract: The awareness of the unity of the territory and the desire to rediscover the Judeo-Christian culture of the Iberian Peninsula to ensure its protection and sustainability led the Catholic Monarchs in the 15th century to continue the work of “Reconquest” of the territories under Muslim domination since the invasion of 711. Later, in the 21st century,...
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Statistical Analysis of the Soviet Union's Dismantlement and Transportation of Materials in Northeast China Occupied by Japan
Chen Lingfei,
Yao Jianguang
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
128-137
Received:
20 November 2022
Accepted:
8 December 2022
Published:
15 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.19
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Abstract: On the eve of Japan's surrender in 1945, the Soviet Union sent troops to Northeast China to attack the Japanese invaders. During the management vacuum period from the surrender of Japan to the takeover of Northeast China by the people's Republic of China, the Soviet Union dismantled and transported a large number of equipment and materials from the Japanese- occupied areas in Northeast China to the Soviet Union. However, China has no information about the details of this historical event. In 2009, the team led by Chinese historian Shen Zhihua translated and published the 1948-1976 intelligence files on China declassified by the United States in October 2004, including the inquiry report on the Soviet Union's dismantlement of Japanese industrial equipment from Manchuria. This report has become the most important first-hand information for studying this period of history. According to the Inquiry Report, the Soviet Union's dismantlement and transportation of equipment and materials from the Japanese-occupied areas in Northeast China was a national operation organized and led by the country's top leadership, specifically implemented by the Soviet army and Soviet citizens in Northeast China, and in which Japanese prisoners of war, technicians, and Chinese coolies were forced to participate. The operation dismantled and transported at least 75 factories, enterprises and a poison gas research institute from at least 30 cities and towns in 4 provinces in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia. It was transported to the Soviet Union by plane, ship, train and truck, settled in at least 49 towns, and established at least 81 factories and enterprises. It caused great losses to China.
Abstract: On the eve of Japan's surrender in 1945, the Soviet Union sent troops to Northeast China to attack the Japanese invaders. During the management vacuum period from the surrender of Japan to the takeover of Northeast China by the people's Republic of China, the Soviet Union dismantled and transported a large number of equipment and materials from the...
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Aristizza Romanescu - A Glimpse from a Legendary Life
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2022
Pages:
138-152
Received:
10 November 2022
Accepted:
15 December 2022
Published:
28 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20221002.20
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Abstract: Romanian theatrical art encountered many obstacles in its natural development, due to the evolution of the international political situation in the region, as well as the internal one. The history of the Romanian theater included several stages of development, but in each one, the drive and will to level up came from exceptional personalities in this field. They often made enormous sacrifices, willingly giving up everything they had most dearly for art. The subject of this study is the greatest actress of Romanian theater from the second half of the 19th century, Aristizza Romanescu. It was created on the basis of archival documents kept in the Special Collections’ fonds of the National Library of Romania and of information published over time. We can follow little Aristizza Romanescu, born into a family of famous actors, takes her first steps in life in an enviable artistic atmosphere, makes her debut on stage, accepting her destiny, with everything an artist's life can offer: good and bad. On her way, she meets protectors and mentors, who recognize her extraordinary talent and immense capacity for work, offering her the opportunity to study abroad with the world's greatest masters, chiseling her artistic form with which she will fascinate the public upon her return to Romania. The documentary material, indicated in quotations and footnotes, allows us to record the most important moments of her professional evolution, inseparably intertwined with her human dimension, having a direct correspondence with the events that were taking place in the Romanian society at that time and also reflecting them.
Abstract: Romanian theatrical art encountered many obstacles in its natural development, due to the evolution of the international political situation in the region, as well as the internal one. The history of the Romanian theater included several stages of development, but in each one, the drive and will to level up came from exceptional personalities in th...
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